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New York City is now home to 1,361,007 immigrants of voting age who are not yet citizens. That means one out of five New Yorkers of voting age cannot vote. These city residents are subject to all the laws that citizens must observe. They contribute in countless ways to the economic vitality and social and cultural life of this city that serves as the unofficial capital of the world. According to the Urban Institute, immigrants pay $18.2 billion in taxes, or 15.5% of the state's tax income.

Nevertheless, because of their citizenship status, these new New Yorkers are not allowed to participate in choosing the municipal representatives who make the policies that affect their lives daily. Excluding such a significant portion of the city's population from political participation undermines the health of our democracy and discourages incipient Americans from taking a stake in the issues that affect their communities.

Recognizing this, a coalition of immigrant groups, civil rights and voting rights organizations, community based-organizations, labor unions, and faith-based groups have come together to begin to restore voting rights to all residents of New York City, regardless of their citizenship status.

Resident voting is hardly a new idea. It affirms the hallowed principle of the American Revolution: "no taxation without representation." Indeed, to our Founding Fathers, immigrant suffrage was a logical way to encourage newcomers to build a stake in the emerging American democracy.

Until 1804, New York allowed non-citizen immigrants to vote in state and local elections. Indeed, for most of this country's history-from 1770s to 1920s-twenty-two states and federal territories permitted noncitizen residents to vote in local, state and federal elections, and to hold public offices such as alderman, coroner and school board member.

At first, these rights applied only to white men with property, at a time when voting rights did not extend to blacks, women, or most working-class immigrants. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, however, the electorate expanded and made immigrant voting into a new threat to the ruling political classes. Beginning in 1880, large numbers of southern and eastern European immigrants -who were not universally seen as "white" at the time-were arriving in the United States. This high immigration continued for four decades, threatening the dominant political order along with other powerful forces such as the rise of mass social movements and third parties, the extension of the vote to blacks in 1870 and women in 1920, and the dramatic growth of a working-class electorate in a newly industrialized society.

To rein in these new voters, the ruling political class enacted several disenfranchising measures: literacy tests, poll taxes, restrictive residency and registration requirements, and the end of immigrant suffrage. These devices succeeded in denying a political voice to a large number of Americans: by 1924, only 49% of the voting age population was going to the polls, down sharply from nearly 80% before 1900.

For every disempowered group in America's history, voting rights have been a vital tool for acquiring economic, social and civil rights and for expanding democracy. For African-Americans, women, and young men who were expected to go to war at 18 but were not yet allowed to vote, breaking down legal barriers to voting was a crucial point in the struggle for equality. Recognizing the importance of voting, the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement succeeded in banishing poll taxes and literacy tests. In 1971, the voting age was lowered to 18.

Nevertheless, an alarmingly large part of the population remains disenfranchised. Today, after more than three decades of high immigration, nearly 20 million non-citizen immigrants in the United States pay taxes, work in every sector of the economy, own businesses, send their children to school, contribute in myriad ways to our cultural life, serve in the military and even die defending this country. Yet most cannot vote on issues that affect their daily lives.

Expanding the franchise is a logical and practical way to unite all members of our society toward a common dream of making America a better place. It gives people a stake in their communities and a sense that they can make things better. Far from being a substitute for citizenship, allowing the newest New Yorkers to vote is the best way to promote civic education and participation. Most immigrants want to become citizens, but the backlog in processing applications means that the average immigrant could wait 10 years or longer to become a citizen.

Many communities in the United States -not to mention more than twenty countries around the world-recognize these clear reasons for allowing local residents to vote regardless of their citizenship. Already, several U.S. jurisdictions allow immigrants to vote in local elections. Over the past decade, at least a dozen other communities have launched campaigns from coast to coast to expand the franchise to non-citizens.

Maryland allows non-citizens to vote in municipal elections in five towns; Amherst and Cambridge, Massachusetts, voted to approve non-citizen voting, though they are awaiting a state enabling law. Similar initiatives have been launched in a dozen other places from coast to coast, including San Francisco, Washington, D.C, Denver, and Connecticut.

In a move that affirmed parents' stake in the education of their children, New York City and Chicago restored the right of non-citizens to vote in school board elections. In New York City, all immigrants - legal permanent residents and undocumented immigrants -who had children in public schools could vote in school board elections from 1970 until 2002, after which time the school boards were eliminated. Problems with the school boards aside, they were the city's most representative elected bodies in terms of race and ethnicity.

New York, home of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, symbolizes America's past and future as an immigrant nation. It would only be appropriate for New York City to restore voting to all residents in municipal elections, expanding our democracy and setting an example fitting for a city created by immigrants.

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